- Two main medical types: Traditional surrogacy and gestational surrogacy. The key difference is the surrogate’s genetic relationship to the baby.
- Traditional surrogacy: The surrogate uses her own egg and is genetically related to the baby. Pregnancy is typically achieved through artificial insemination (IUI).
- Gestational surrogacy: An embryo created through IVF is transferred to the surrogate. She has no genetic connection to the baby.
- Altruistic vs. commercial surrogacy: Altruistic surrogacy involves no payment beyond permitted expenses. Commercial surrogacy includes additional compensation, where legally allowed.
- Costs and legal considerations: Surrogacy costs depend on the type, fertility treatments, location, and compensation. Laws and parental rights vary by country.
- Choosing the best type: Gestational surrogacy is common in modern fertility programs. The right option depends on medical needs, budget, genetic preferences, and local laws.
The rules differ from country to country, and surrogacy in Iran follows its own legal and medical framework.
How Many Types of Surrogacy Are There?
There are two main medical types of surrogacy: traditional and gestational. However, four categories are commonly discussed when financial arrangements are also included.
- Traditional surrogacy: The surrogate provides her own egg.
- Gestational surrogacy: The surrogate carries an IVF embryo created using eggs from an intended parent or donor.
- Altruistic surrogacy: The surrogate receives no compensation beyond permitted expenses.
- Commercial surrogacy: The surrogate receives additional financial compensation.
Traditional and gestational surrogacy describe the medical method. Altruistic and commercial surrogacy describe the financial arrangement.
These categories can overlap. For example, gestational surrogacy may be either altruistic or commercial.
Traditional vs. Gestational Surrogacy: Key Differences
| Feature | Traditional Surrogacy | Gestational Surrogacy |
|---|---|---|
| Surrogate’s egg | Used | Not used |
| Genetic relationship | Yes | No |
| Fertility procedure | Usually IUI | IVF |
| Egg source | Surrogate | Intended parent or donor |
| Medical costs | May be lower | Includes IVF costs |
| Legal considerations | Often more complex | Still depends on local law |
| Current use | Less common | Common in fertility programs |
1. Traditional Surrogacy
Traditional surrogacy is a type of surrogacy in which the surrogate uses her own egg to become pregnant. She is therefore genetically related to the baby.
The egg is typically fertilized using sperm from an intended parent or a donor through intrauterine insemination (IUI).
Traditional surrogacy is also called genetic, partial, or straight surrogacy.
How Does Traditional Surrogacy Work?
- Medical evaluation: The surrogate completes fertility assessments and medical screening.
- Legal consultation: The parties review applicable laws, responsibilities, and parentage arrangements.
- Artificial insemination: Sperm from an intended parent or donor is introduced into the surrogate’s reproductive system.
- Pregnancy: If fertilization and implantation occur, the surrogate carries the pregnancy.
- Establishing parenthood: Legal parental rights are determined through the procedures required by the jurisdiction.
Advantages of Traditional Surrogacy
- May cost less when IVF is unnecessary.
- Usually involves fewer fertility laboratory procedures.
- May allow an intended father to have a genetic relationship with the baby.
- Can be an option in locations where traditional surrogacy is legally permitted.
Disadvantages of Traditional Surrogacy
- The surrogate is genetically related to the child.
- Legal parentage may be more complicated.
- Some clinics do not offer traditional surrogacy.
- Additional legal procedures may be required after birth.
- The arrangement is restricted or prohibited in some jurisdictions.
Important: Genetic relationships do not automatically determine legal parenthood. Intended parents should obtain independent legal advice before proceeding.
2026 Data Point: According to a 2026 market analysis by Mordor Intelligence, gestational surrogacy accounted for 91.88% of revenue in 2025, confirming that it is by far the dominant model practiced today. The global surrogacy market is valued at USD 28.91 billion in 2026.
2. Gestational Surrogacy
Gestational surrogacy is a type of surrogacy in which a woman carries a baby created through in vitro fertilization (IVF), without using her own egg.
The embryo may be created using eggs and sperm from the intended parents, donors, or a combination of both.
Because the gestational carrier does not provide the egg, she has no genetic relationship to the baby.
Gestational surrogacy is widely used in modern assisted reproductive treatment.
How Does Gestational Surrogacy Work?
Before transfer, embryos can be screened with genetic testing (PGT) to avoid passing on inherited conditions.
- Initial consultation: A fertility specialist evaluates the intended parents’ medical circumstances.
- Surrogate screening: The gestational carrier undergoes medical and psychological assessments.
- IVF treatment: Eggs are fertilized with sperm in a laboratory to create embryos.
- Embryo transfer: An embryo is transferred into the carrier’s uterus.
- Pregnancy monitoring: The carrier receives prenatal care and medical follow-up.
- Birth and legal procedures: Parenthood is established according to the applicable laws.
Advantages of Gestational Surrogacy
- The surrogate has no genetic connection to the baby.
- Intended parents may use their own eggs and sperm.
- Donor eggs or sperm may be used when needed.
- Some jurisdictions provide specific legal procedures for gestational surrogacy.
- It is available through many established fertility programs.
Disadvantages of Gestational Surrogacy
- IVF increases medical expenses.
- More than one embryo transfer may be necessary.
- Medical screening and treatment can take time.
- Pregnancy and fertility-treatment risks remain.
- Legal procedures may be complex, especially internationally.
Important: Gestational surrogacy does not guarantee pregnancy or a live birth. Outcomes depend on embryo quality, reproductive health, and other medical factors.
3. Altruistic Surrogacy
Altruistic surrogacy is an arrangement in which the surrogate does not receive commercial compensation for carrying a pregnancy.
Depending on local regulations, she may receive reimbursement for reasonable pregnancy-related expenses.
These may include:
- Medical expenses
- Travel expenses
- Pregnancy-related necessities
- Other legally permitted reimbursements
Altruistic surrogacy sometimes involves a family member or friend, but the surrogate does not necessarily have to know the intended parents beforehand.
Advantages of Altruistic Surrogacy
- May reduce compensation-related expenses.
- Can involve an existing relationship of trust.
- Permitted in some locations that restrict commercial surrogacy.
Disadvantages of Altruistic Surrogacy
- Finding a suitable surrogate may be difficult.
- Medical and legal expenses still apply.
- Personal relationships may become complicated.
- Reimbursement rules vary by jurisdiction.
Even without commercial compensation, medical screening, informed consent, and independent legal advice remain essential.
4. Commercial Surrogacy
Commercial surrogacy is an arrangement in which the surrogate receives financial compensation beyond reimbursement for permitted expenses.
The payment may reflect the surrogate’s time, responsibilities, and physical demands of pregnancy.
Commercial surrogacy is permitted in some jurisdictions and restricted or prohibited in others.
Advantages of Commercial Surrogacy
- May provide access to an organized surrogate-matching process.
- Financial responsibilities can be defined in advance.
- Professional agencies may coordinate medical and legal services.
- Written agreements can clarify compensation and permitted expenses.
Disadvantages of Commercial Surrogacy
- Higher overall expenses.
- Legal restrictions in many countries.
- Potential ethical concerns about financial pressure.
- Additional contractual and financial responsibilities.
Commercial arrangements should protect the surrogate’s autonomy, health, informed consent, and access to independent legal guidance.
Altruistic vs. Commercial Surrogacy: Comparison
| Feature | Altruistic Surrogacy | Commercial Surrogacy |
|---|---|---|
| Surrogate compensation | No payment beyond permitted expenses | Additional compensation |
| Expense reimbursement | Often permitted | Generally included |
| Overall cost | May be lower | Often higher |
| Legal availability | Varies by jurisdiction | Varies by jurisdiction |
| Medical requirements | Medical screening needed | Medical screening needed |
| Medical type | Traditional or gestational | Traditional or gestational |
Independent vs. Agency-Based Surrogacy
In addition to choosing a medical and financial arrangement, intended parents must decide how to organize the surrogacy process.
Independent Surrogacy
Independent surrogacy, also called private surrogacy, involves arranging the process without using a full-service surrogacy agency.
Intended parents typically coordinate directly with the surrogate, fertility clinic, lawyers, and other professionals.
Main advantages:
- Potential savings on agency fees.
- Direct communication with the surrogate.
- More control over coordination.
Main challenges:
- Greater administrative responsibility.
- Independent surrogate screening and matching.
- Coordination of medical and legal services.
- Managing unexpected complications.
Agency-Based Surrogacy
Agency-based surrogacy involves a professional organization that coordinates parts of the surrogacy process.
Depending on the provider, services may include:
- Surrogate matching
- Screening coordination
- Fertility clinic referrals
- Legal service coordination
- Financial administration
- Pregnancy support
Agency-based surrogacy may simplify coordination but usually includes additional fees.
Intended parents should compare agency services, fees, experience, and contractual responsibilities before choosing a provider.
How Much Do Different Types of Surrogacy Cost?
Surrogacy costs vary according to the medical procedure, destination, surrogate compensation, professional services, and individual treatment requirements.
Traditional surrogacy may involve lower fertility-treatment costs because IVF is not always required.
Gestational surrogacy generally involves higher initial medical costs because embryos must be created through IVF.
What Affects the Cost of Surrogacy?
- Fertility treatment: IUI, IVF, medications, and embryo transfer.
- Surrogate compensation: Payments or permitted expense reimbursements.
- Medical screening: Fertility assessments, laboratory testing, and psychological evaluations.
- Legal services: Contracts, parentage procedures, and documentation.
- Agency fees: Matching, coordination, and administrative support.
- Location: Treatment costs and regulations vary between countries.
- Additional treatment: Donor eggs, donor sperm, or repeated IVF attempts.
- Unexpected expenses: Pregnancy complications, additional medical care, or travel.
How Much Does Gestational Surrogacy Cost in Iran?
Iran is one destination where gestational surrogacy services are available through fertility clinics.
Iran Health Agency currently advertises gestational surrogacy programs starting from $15,000 for eligible intended parents.
The final price depends on the medical requirements, services included, and individual treatment plan.
Starting prices should not be interpreted as guaranteed final costs or guaranteed pregnancy outcomes.
Before choosing a program, request a written breakdown of medical, surrogate, legal, and administrative expenses.
Which Type of Surrogacy Is Best?
There is no single best type of surrogacy for every intended parent.
Gestational surrogacy is a common option because the carrier does not provide her own egg and has no genetic relationship to the baby.
However, the most appropriate arrangement depends on several factors.
1. Medical Needs
Consider whether the intended parents can provide eggs or sperm, whether donor gametes are required, and whether IVF is medically appropriate.
2. Genetic Preferences
Gestational surrogacy may allow one or both intended parents to have a genetic relationship with the baby.
Traditional surrogacy always involves a genetic relationship between the surrogate and child.
3. Budget
Compare expected fertility-treatment costs, compensation, legal expenses, and possible additional treatment.
4. Legal Requirements
Check whether the arrangement is legal in the destination and how parental rights will be established.
5. Professional Support
Decide whether to organize the process independently or use professional coordination services.
A fertility specialist and independent reproductive-law professionals can help intended parents evaluate their options.
Medical Risks and Safety Considerations
Every surrogacy arrangement involves medical and emotional considerations.
Pregnancy carries risks even when a surrogate has previously experienced uncomplicated pregnancies.
Possible Medical Risks
- Miscarriage
- Gestational diabetes
- High blood pressure during pregnancy
- Preeclampsia
- Premature delivery
- Cesarean delivery complications
- Multiple pregnancy complications
- Unsuccessful IVF treatment
Appropriate medical screening and regular prenatal care are essential.
The American Society for Reproductive Medicine recommends medical evaluations, infectious-disease screening, psychosocial assessment, counseling, and independent legal representation for gestational carrier arrangements.
The surrogate must retain informed decision-making authority over her own medical care.
Free Consulation
Legal Considerations for Different Types of Surrogacy
Surrogacy laws differ significantly between countries and sometimes between states or regions.
A surrogacy agreement that is valid in one location may not be recognized in another.
Important Legal Questions
- Is the chosen type of surrogacy permitted?
- Who is legally recognized as the baby’s parent at birth?
- Is a court order or adoption process required?
- Can the surrogate receive compensation?
- What medical decisions remain with the surrogate?
- How are financial and medical responsibilities divided?
- Will the intended parents’ home country recognize their parenthood?
- What documents are needed for the newborn’s citizenship and travel?
Important: A gestational carrier’s lack of genetic connection does not automatically establish the intended parents as the legal parents.
Independent legal advice should be obtained before signing an agreement or beginning treatment.
What Types of Surrogacy Are Available in Iran?
Gestational surrogacy is practiced in Iran through assisted reproductive treatment programs.
In gestational arrangements, an embryo created through IVF is transferred to a carrier who has no genetic relationship to the child.
Iran Health Agency currently offers surrogacy coordination for married heterosexual couples who meet its medical and program eligibility requirements.
Surrogacy in Iran: Key Facts
- Medical method: Gestational surrogacy using IVF.
- Program eligibility: Married heterosexual couples meeting medical criteria.
- Starting program price: $15,000 through Iran Health Agency.
- Medical services: Fertility evaluation, IVF, embryo transfer, and pregnancy monitoring.
- Legal requirements: Contracts, parentage procedures, and relevant documentation.
- International patients: Additional considerations for citizenship, birth registration, and travel documents.
Iran does not have a comprehensive, dedicated surrogacy statute covering every aspect of these arrangements. Legal procedures can therefore require careful individual assessment.
International intended parents should consult qualified lawyers familiar with both Iranian law and the laws of their home country.
They should also confirm medical eligibility and understand all expected expenses before traveling.
Frequently Asked Questions About Types of Surrogacy
How many types of surrogacy are there?
There are two main medical types: traditional and gestational surrogacy. Altruistic and commercial surrogacy are additional categories based on compensation.
What are the four types of surrogacy?
The four commonly discussed categories are traditional, gestational, altruistic, and commercial surrogacy. The first two describe medical methods, while the others describe financial arrangements.
What is the most common type of surrogacy?
Gestational surrogacy is the predominant approach in many modern fertility programs. The carrier has no genetic relationship to the baby.
What is the difference between traditional and gestational surrogacy?
In traditional surrogacy, the surrogate provides her own egg. In gestational surrogacy, an IVF embryo is transferred to a carrier who does not provide the egg.
Which type of surrogacy is cheaper?
Traditional surrogacy may have lower initial medical costs when IVF is unnecessary. However, total expenses depend on legal requirements, compensation, location, and medical circumstances.
Can a gestational surrogate use a donor egg?
Yes. Gestational surrogacy can involve donor eggs, donor sperm, or both. The gestational carrier does not provide the egg herself.
Is altruistic surrogacy the same as traditional surrogacy?
No. Altruistic surrogacy describes an arrangement without commercial compensation. Traditional surrogacy describes a medical method in which the surrogate uses her own egg.
Is commercial surrogacy legal everywhere?
No. Commercial surrogacy is permitted in some jurisdictions and restricted or prohibited in others. Intended parents must check the applicable laws.
Is gestational surrogacy legally safer?
Gestational surrogacy may simplify some genetic-parentage questions. However, legal protections and parental recognition depend on the relevant jurisdiction.
Does gestational surrogacy guarantee pregnancy?
No. IVF and embryo transfer do not guarantee pregnancy or a live birth. Outcomes depend on several medical factors.
Can intended parents arrange surrogacy without an agency?
Independent surrogacy is possible in some jurisdictions. However, medical screening, appropriate legal agreements, and professional guidance remain important.
Which type of surrogacy is available in Iran?
Gestational surrogacy is available through fertility programs in Iran. Eligibility, medical requirements, and legal procedures must be evaluated individually.
Conclusion: Understanding Your Surrogacy Options
The two main types of surrogacy are traditional and gestational surrogacy. Their fundamental difference is whether the surrogate has a genetic relationship with the baby.
Altruistic and commercial surrogacy describe compensation arrangements, while independent and agency-based surrogacy describe how the process is coordinated.
Choosing the right option requires considering medical needs, genetic preferences, costs, legal requirements, and professional support.
For intended parents considering gestational surrogacy in Iran, Iran Health Agency can provide information about available programs, medical eligibility, estimated costs, and treatment coordination.
Before making a decision, consult qualified fertility and legal professionals to understand your options and responsibilities.
Sources & Citations
- Mordor Intelligence – Surrogacy Market Report 2026
- ACRC Global – Surrogacy Statistics 2026
- OVU.com – Gestational vs Traditional Surrogacy 2026 Guide
- Egg Donor & Surrogacy Institute – 2026 U.S. Surrogacy Trends Report
- Physician’s Surrogacy – Surrogacy Cost in the US 2026
- OVU.com – Surrogacy Laws 2026 (ESHRE 2025 Ethics Paper)
- Brilliant Beginnings – Altruistic vs Commercial Surrogacy
- OVU.com – Independent vs Agency Surrogacy 2026
- GitNux – 140+ Surrogacy Statistics 2026
- WifaTalents – Gestational Surrogacy Data Reports 2026
